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The book Octoechos (from the : ἡ βίβλος Ὀκτώηχος ;The female form ἡ Ὀκτώηχος means the book (ἡ βίβλος) "octoechos" or "octaechos". from 'eight' and 'sound, mode' called ; , from 'eight' and 'voice, sound') is a containing a repertoire of hymns ordered in eight parts according to eight echoi (). Originally created in the Monastery of Stoudios during the 9th century as a hymnal complete with musical notation, it is still used in many rites of Eastern Christianity. The book with similar function in the Western Church is the , and both contain the melodic models of an octoechos system; however, while the tonary serves simply for a modal classification, the octoechos is organized as a cycle of eight weeks of services. The word itself can also refer to the repertoire of hymns sung during the celebrations of the Sunday Office.

Role of meter in the Octoechos
Many hymns in the Octoechos, such as Kathismata, Odes, and are set in a strict meter—a fixed number of syllables with particular stress patterns, consistent throughout multiple verses. Complex poems are written with syllabic patterns matching the meter of a familiar hymn written prior. One example of such a hymn is "Ἡ Παρθένος σήμερον", the prooimion of the Christmas kontakion composed by Romanos the Melodist,Concerning the history of its translation in Old Church Slavonic Kondakars, see Roman Krivko (2011, 726). set to a melody in the third of the Octoechos. This hymn has served as the metrical basis for many other Kontakia. In the current tradition the kontakion exists as well as a model to recite many other kontakia prosomoia which was also translated into Old Church Slavonic. In the particular genre kontakion this model is still regarded as an idiomelon due to the complexity of the poetic form.

Usually the arrangement of the syllables with their metric accentuation are composed as a well-known or sticheron avtomelon within the melos of a certain echos. These melodic stichera are called , because they can easily be adapted to other texts, even if the number of syllables of verse varies—the so-called .The Three Classes of Melodic Forms for Stichera, II. Automela (Samopodobny, Model Melodies). The prooimion which precedes the kontakion for Christmas is recited today with a simple melody in a rather sophisticated heirmologoc melos of echos tritos; its most important part is the conclusion called "ephymnion" (in italic characters) which uses one and the same melody for all kontakia of the same echos (at the end of the prooimion as well as at the end of each following oikos):The Greek way definitely represents a monodic tradition of kontakion as it had developed since the 7th century since many centuries (going through periods of melismatic during the 12th and 13th centuries and even kalophonic elaboration of the music during the 14th century), while the polyphonic Russian way (18th century) to perform the kontakion uses simpler forms of "echos-melodies" (the expression "na glas" is still used among Old Believers) (Školnik 1995). Due to the particular form of kontakion, also the ephymnion itself might be regarded as an echos-melody, because the same melody has to be adapted to the length of its verse which can be very different between various kontakia of the same mode. Similar differences can also result from translations of the same ephymnion into different languages.

A hymn may more or less imitate an automelon melodically and metrically—depending, if the text has exactly the same number of syllables with the same accents as those of verses in the corresponding automelon.Modern avtomelon over the Prooimion of the Christmas Kontakion by Romanos 1 2 Slavonic Kondak sung in Valaamskiy Rozpev () Such a hymn was usually called sticheron or in the case of kontakion, kontakion prosomoion, the echos and opening words of the model (a sticheron avtomelon or in this particular case the prooimion of the Nativity kontakion) were usually indicated.The Three Classes of Melodic Forms for Stichera, III. Prosomoia (Podobny, Special Melodies). For example, the Octoechos' kontakion for Sunday Orthros in echos tritos has the indication, that it should be sung to the melody of the above Christmas kontakion.See the article about the three melody types of stichera, where the texts of the two kontakia are compared as an illustration (idiomelon, avtomelon, prosomoion). Both kontakia have nearly the same number of syllables and accents within its verses, so the exact melody of the former is slightly adapted to the latter, its accents have to be sung with the given accentuation patterns.The Three Classes of Melodic Forms for Stichera, I. Idiomela (Samoglasny, Independent Melodies).

The printed book Octoechos with the Sunday cycles is often without any and the determination of a hymn's melody is indicated by the echos or glas according to the section within the book and its avtomelon, a melodic model defined by the melos of its mode. Since this book collects the repertoire of melodies sung every week, educated chanters knew all these melodies by heart, and they learnt how to adapt the accentuation patterns to the printed texts of the hymns while singing out of other text books like the .

Greek octoechos and parakletike
Types of octoechos books
The Great Octoechos (ὀκτώηχος ἡ μεγάλη), or Parakletike, contains proper office hymns for each weekday.A Parakletike written during the 14th century can be studied online (D-Mbs Ms. cgm 205).Octoechos is often used to describe a smaller volume that contains only the hymns for the Sunday services. In order to distinguish the longer version from the short one, the term Paraklētikē (Greek: Παρακλητική) can be used as well for the Great Octoechos. The word Paraklētikē comes from the Greek parakalein (παρακαλεῖν), meaning, "to pray, implore, comfort, encourage" (the ordinary prayer texts for the weekdays). The earliest state of a Great Octoechos collection are Mss. gr. 1593 and 776 of the Library at Saint Catherine's Monastery which had been identified as belonging to one manuscript (ET-MSsc Ms. Gr. 776 & 1593 about 800). The hymns of the books Octoechos and had been collected earlier in a book called Troparologion or Tropologion. It already existed during the 6th century in the Patriarchate of Antiochia, before it became a main genre of the centers of an Octoechos hymn reform in the monasteries of Saint Catherine on Mount Sinai and in Palestine, where St. John Damascene (c. 676–749) and Cosmas of Maiuma created a cycle of stichera anastasima.From this early period there were only few Greek sources, but a recent study (Nikiforova 2013) of a tropologion at the St Catherine at Sinai could reconstruct the earlier form of the Tropologion which preceded the book Octoechos. Probably for this reason John of Damascus is regarded as the creator the Hagiopolitan Octoechos and the Hagiopolites treatise itself claims his authorship right at the beginning. It has only survived completely in a 14th-century copy, but its origin likely dates back to the time between the Council of Nicaea and the time of Joseph the Hymnographer (~816-886), when the treatise could still have introduced the book Tropologion. The earliest papyrus sources of the Tropologion can be dated to the 6th century:See the Georgian and Greek papyrus studies by Stig Frøyshov (2012) and Christian Troelsgård (2009).

The earliest version of a Tropologion dedicated to the repertoire of Octoechos was created by Severus of Antioch, Paul of Edessa and John Psaltes between 512 and 518.It has only survived in a Syriac translation revised by Jacob of Edessa which dates back to 675 ( Ms. Add. 17134). According to Svetlana Kujumdzieva (2012, 14) the composition of the book has many similarities with the contemporary Georgian Iadgari. The Tropologion was expanded upon by St. Cosmas of Maiuma († 773), Theodore the Studite († 826) and his brother Joseph of Thessalonica († 832),Theodore created the Triodion, the Pentecostarion, and the three antiphons of the of the Octoechos (Wolfram 2003). Theophanes the Branded (c. 775–845),Theophanes created the Trinity Canon for the Sunday night service (mesonyktikon). the and hymnographers (810-865) and Theodosia, Thekla the Nun, Metrophanes of Smyrna († after 880), Paul, Metropolit of , and by the emperors Leo VI and (10th century) as well as numerous anonymous authors.Natalia Smelova (2011, 119 & 123) also mentions two contemporary compilations which were later translated into Syriac language: ET-MSsc Ms. gr. 776, Ms. Add. 26113. Syro-Melkite translation activity reached its climax not earlier than during the 13th century like Sinait. gr. 261, a few manuscripts were also copied directly at Sinai. This reduced version was simply called Octoechos and it was often the last part of the , the new notated chant book of the reformers.

Until the 14th century the book Octoechos, as far as it belonged to the , was ordered according to hymn genre of the repertoire.See for instance the Octoechos part of the Sticherarion of Copenhagen: stichera anastasima (f. 254r), alphabetika (f. 254v), anavathmoi and stichera anatolika (f. 255v), stichera heothina (f. 277v), dogmatika (f. 281v) and staurotheotikia (f. 289r). Later the thematic structure of the stichera anastasima which had to be sung during Hesperinos on Saturday and during Orthros on Sunday, were emphasised and ordered according to the eight echoi, each of the eight parts structured according to the order, as they had to be sung during the evening and morning service. They became a well structured book for the daily use of chanters like the later book Anastasimatarion or in Slavonic Voskresnik.See the various printed editions in current use in Greece (Ephesios 1820, Phokaeos 1832, Ioannes the Protopsaltes 1905), Bulgaria (Triandafilov 1847, Todorov 1914), Romania (Suceanu 1823, Stefanescu 1897), and Macedonia (Zografski 2005, Bojadziev 2011). An exception is the series "Music Library" which published as a first volume Panagiotes the New Chrysaphes' Kekragarion under the title "Anastasimatarion of John of Damascus" (1868). It was taught by Iakovos the Protopsaltes as "Kekragarion palaion". A second volume published the "Anastasimatarion neon" by Petros Peloponnesios, each book with a set of two kekragaria, a sticheraric and an abridged sticheraric version. Since the 17th century different collections of the Octoechos had been separated as their own books about certain Hesperinos psalms like the Anoixantarion an octoechos collection for Psalm 103, the Kekragarion for Psalm 140, and the Pasapnoarion for the Psalm verse 150:6.The separation of this books can usually be found in anthologies ascribed to Panagiotes the New Chrysaphes ( Harley 1613, Harley 5544), but there is also a manuscript with composition of Petros Peloponnesios and his student Petros Byzantios organised as an Anastasimatarion and Doxastarion which preceded the printed editions (GB-Lbl Add. 17718). On the other hand, there is an alternative organisation in a manuscript according to the transcription of Gregorios the Protopsaltes (GB-Bm Ms. Mingana Gr. 8) which includes the whole Hesperinos cycles and postponed the Kekragaria in a rare fast sticheraric melos.

Types of stichera
  • Stichera anastasima: In the new book (voskresnik) there are 24 stichera anastasima ("resurrection hymns") which are usually ascribed to John of Damascus, three of them in each echos. Most of them do not appear within the book Octoechos before the 15th century.
  • Stichera anatolika: Composed about the longest stichoi concerning the resurrection motive. The name probably derived from a certain composer or from their .
  • Stichera alphabetika: 24 stichera composed in a style similar to the anatolika. They are usually ordered according to the alphabet concerning their incipit.
  • Anabathmoi: Antiphons structured in eight parts according to the octoechos, each one consisting of three or four sets of three . The kyrioi echoi (authentic modes) are composed to parallel verses of the , while the plagioi echoi (plagal modes) usually begin by imitating Psalm 119. The last sticheron of each antiphon usually begins with the words "ἁγιῷ πνεύματι." The anavathmoi were often a separated collection within the book Octoechos, which was no longer included in later books.
  • Heothina anastasima: The eleven stichera of the heothina are ascribed to the Emperor Leo VI and are sung in connection with the during Orthros. The first eight follow the octoechos order, with the plagios tetartos in the enharmonic phthora nana. The ninth sticheron was composed in echos plagios protos, the tenth in the (plagios devteros), and the eleventh in the diatonic plagios tetartos.See the old sticherarion (DK-Kk NkS 4960, ff. 277v-281v).
  • Exaposteilaria anastasima: The eleven exaposteilaria anastasima are ascribed to Emperor . Created during the Macedonian renaissance, they are a later part of the repertoire which cannot be found in manuscripts before the 11th century. The cycle was sung since the Sunday following Pentecost, followed by a theotokion and a heothinon.
  • Stichera dogmatika: These stichera are dedicated to the Mother of God (Theotokos) and they are called "dogmatika," because the hymns are about the dogmas concerned with the virgin Mary. The section of dogmatika, 24 with three for each echos, was usually completed with other Marianic hymns called "theotokia". Books with hymns about the Theotokos are sometimes called Theotokarion.
  • Stichera staurosima and staurotheotokia: (devoted to the Holy Cross and to the Mother of God), sung on Wednesdays and Fridays.
The Octoechos also included other stichera dedicated to particular saints according to the provenance of a certain monastery, which also allows conclusions concerning place, where the chant book was used.

Temporal cycles and
The Sticherarion did not only include the book Octoechos, but also the books , and . Certain stichera of the other books, which rather belonged to an oral tradition, because they were later composed by using the avtomela written in the book Parakletike.Irina Školnik (1998, 523) observed, that mainly automela were not written, because they were part of an oral tradition, while most of the prosomoia can only be found in later manuscripts since the 13th century. The early composed by Theodore the Studite for the evening service during Lenten period which belong to the Triodion book.These prosomoia are not composed over stichera avtomela, but over stichera idiomela, especially compositions dedicated to martyres (Husmann 1972, 216-231). Since the 14th century, sticheraria also had notated collections of the sung within Paschal tide (tesserakostes). They were made over idiomela of the menaion and notated with the new verses, while most of the relied entirely on an oral tradition. Although these were part of the Pentecostarion, this cycle was often written within the Octoechos section.See the collection of prosomoia in the Sticherarion of the Pantokratoros monastery (GB-Ctc Ms. B.11.17, ff. 282–294).

Nevertheless, a temporal eight-week-order was always the essential part of the Octoechos, at least as a liturgical concept. The temporal organisation of the mobile feast cycle and its lessons was result of the Studite reform since Theodore the Studite; their books had already been translated by Slavic monks during the 9th century.Svetlana Poliakova (2009). The eight tones can be found as the (moveable cycle) of the church year, the so-called Pentecostarion starting with the second Sunday of (the eighth day of) Easter. The first usually changes the echos each day, while the third week started the eight-week cycle with the second echos, each week in just one echos. The same cycle started in the triodion with the Lenten period until Easter,All of Great Lent, the periods of Cheesefare Week and Holy Week which are joined, respectively, to the beginning and end of Great Lent with the Lenten Friday preceding the subsequent .Each day of (Easter Week) uses propers in a different tone, Sunday: Tone One, Monday: Tone Two, skipping the least festive of the tones, the grave (heavy) tone. Each day of the week has a distinct theme for which hymns in each tone are found in the texts of the Octoechos. During this period, the Octoechos is not sung on weekdays and it is furthermore not sung on Sundays from Palm Sunday through the Sunday of All Saints.Although many of the Sunday resurrection hymns are replicated in the Pentecostarion

After Pentecost, the singing of the Great Octoechos on weekdays continued until Saturday of Meatfare Week, on Sundays there was another cycle organised by the eleven with their and their .

In the daily practice the of the Octoechos are combined with idiomela from the other books: On the fixed cycle, i.e., dates of the calendar year, the and on the movable cycle, according to season, the (in combination from the previous year's Paschal cycle). The texts from these volumes displace some of those from the Octoechos. The less hymns are sung from the Octoechos the more have to be sung from the other books. On major feast days, hymns from the Menaion entirely displace those from the Octoechos except on Sundays, when only a few Great Feasts of the Lord eclipse the Octoechos.

Note that the Octoechos contains sufficient texts, so that none of these other books needs to be used—a holdover from before the invention of printing and the completion and wide distribution of the rather large 12-volume Menaion—, but portions of the Octoechos (e.g., the last three following "Lord, I have cried," the Hesperinos psalm 140Ps 140:1 Gr. Κύριε ἐκέκραξα πρὸς σέ, Sl. Господн воззвахъ к'тебҍ.) are seldom used nowadays and they are often completely omitted in the currently printed volumes.

Old Church Slavonic reception of the Greek octoechos
Even before a direct exchange between Slavic monks and monks of the Stoudios Monastery, papyrus fragments offer evidence of earlier translations of Greek hymns. The early fragments show that hymns and their melodies developed independently in an early phase until the 9th century. Cyril and Methodius and their followers within the -School were famous for the translation of Greek hymnody between 863 and 893, but it is also a period of a reformative synthesis of liturgical forms, the creation of new hymnographical genres and their organisation in annual cycles.Svetlana Poliakova (2009, 5;80-127) observed that most of Slavonic Triods have the prosomoia collection of Theodore the Studite, less the one composed by "Joseph" which were created by Theodore's brother, but more often by the later Sicilian composer Joseph the Hymnographer.

Slavic Oktoich or Osmoglasnik and Sbornik
Though the name of the book "Oktoich" derived from the Greek name Octoechos (Old Slavonic "Osmoglasnik," because "glas" is the Slavonic term for ), the Slavic book did rather correspond to the unnotated Tropologion, and often it included the hymns of the Irmolog as well.This form of Oktoich was less common within Greek Orthodox traditions, but there was an Anastasimatarion neon (1905) which included the pasapnoaria and the Heirmologia syntoma and argon within the octoechos order. The Slavic reception, although it can be regarded as faithful translation of the Byzantine books, is mainly based on early Theta notation, which was used by Slavic reformers in order to develop own forms of notation in Moscow and Novgorod ().Svetlana Poliakova (2009) studied mainly the Triod and the Pentekostarion Voskresensky (RUS-Mim Synodal Collection, Synod. slav. 319, Synod. slav. 27), while Dagmar Christian's (2001) forthcoming edition of the stichera avtomela and irmosi of the menaion is based on Synod. slav. 162. The translation activities between 1062 and 1074 at the Kievan Pechersk Lavra had been realised without the help of South Slavic translators.The evidence is given by the many differences between Russian and South-Slavic translations of Typika and liturgical manuscripts, their different interpretations in the rubrics, but also according to the philosophy of translation. The earliest known Slavonic manuscripts with neumes date from the late 11th or 12th century (mainly Stichirar, Kondakar and Irmolog). Concerning the earlier translations of the hymns and later translations in Russia, we can observe two different approaches to translation, one which favours the musical and metrical structure and another which favours the literal translation of the hymns. The school represented by Kliment of Ohrid, , or Constantine of Preslav endeavoured to match the Greek text in the number of syllables in the hymns and to preserve the verse structure indicated by the corresponding neumes, but the resulting meaning of the hymns could change so considerably that, in certain cases, the only aspect the original and the translation had in common was the prescribed music, i.e., the indicated melos and echos. On the other hand, the later translations during the missions in Russia had their emphasis on a literal translation of the texts, but this resulted in altering the metrical structure given by the avtomela and the heirmoi so much that the music had to be recomposed.Dagmar Christians' edition (2001, VIII-IX) focused her edition on the early Slavic reception which is represented by Palaeo Byzantine manuscripts of the Synodal collection of the Historical Museum (GIM) in Moscow.

Another difference between the two Slavic receptions was the tonal system. Since the Southern Slavic reception did not change the system of , it corresponded to the Hagiopolitan Octoechos. Glas ("voice") 1–4 are the or , and the remaining 5–8 are the or , the latter term coming from the plagios, "oblique" (from plagos, "side"). Unlike the Western octoechos, glas 5–8 (the plagioi echoi) used the same octave species like glas 1–4, but their final notes were a fifth lower on the bottom of the pentachord with respect to the finales of the kyrioi on the top of each pentachord, the melodic range composed in the plagioi was usually smaller. There was an alternative tonal system based on the obihodniy zvukoryad which was used in the Northern Slavic reception in Novgorod. It was based on a hexaechos, since it used a tone system based on triphonia with three modes organised in fourth equivalence.Irina and Marina Školnik (1994) offered an introduction into the tonal system of the obihodniy scale within their comparisons of the heirmologic repertoire.

Often the Parakletike was divided in two volumes as Pettoglasniks.See for example the very voluminous Parakletike written by Daniel Etropolski during the 17th century which also includes the canons, but only for Glas 5-8 (Sofia, Ms. НБКМ 187) or the Pettoglasnik for the same modes, which was written about 1450 (ff. 31-56, 60-110, 117-143, 147-175) and rebound with additional parts in 1574 (Skopje, National Library, Ms. 168). Another popular book, also characteristic for the Obihod reception, was the so-called Sbornik ("Anthologion" or better "Synekdemos")—a chant book which contained all the chant of the divine liturgy, including proper chant of the Sticherarion books (Miney, the Triods, and the Oktoich).See the Sbornik manuscripts of Skopje (MK-SKu Ms. 9, 142, and 111).

Print editions with musical notation
Today used primarily for canons have their own octoechos mele and their tempo, which employ a slightly modified scale for each tone;For the current tradition see the print editions in use nowadays. The troparic mele used in the Anastasimataria is usually close to the mele used in the Heirmologion (see Chourmouzios' transcription of Petros Peloponnesios' Katavasies and Petros Byzantios' Heirmologion syntomon printed together in 1825). Mainly these two books composed in the last quarter of the 18th and transcribed in the early 19th century, are adapted to the Old Slavonic and the Romanian translation of the heirmologion. in canons, each troparion in an ode uses the meter and melody of the ode's (analogous to for sticheraric modes of a tone) and, therefore, even when a canon's irmos is never sung, its irmos is nonetheless specified so as to indicate the melody.In medieval manuscripts it was enough to write the incipit of the text which identified the heirmos. As a melodic model it was known by heart. Often the Slavic book Oktoich is confused with the Irmolog (Sofia, Ms. НБКМ 989), but in fact the border between both was rather fluent within Slavic traditions. A volume called an "" contains the of all the canons of all eight tones as well as a few sundry other pieces of music.Archbishop Averky: "Liturgics — The Irmologion." Abridged versions of the Octoechos printed with musical notation were frequently published. As simple Octoechos they provided the hymns for the evening (večernaja molitva) and morning service (utrenna) between Saturday and Sunday.

In Russia the Oktoich was the very first book printed () in typeface, which was published in Poland (Kraków) in 1491—by , a German native of . Only seven copies of this first publication are known to remain and the only complete one is in the collection of the Russian National Library.See Treasures of the National Library of Russia, Petersburg.

In 1905 the Monastery published a set of Slavonic chant books whose first volume is the Voskresnik with the repertoire of the simple Osmoglasnik.See also the recent edition by Kalistrat Zografski (2005). Within the Russian Orthodox church a chant book Octoechos with notated with kryuki developed during the late 15th century. The first print edition Oktoikh notnago peniya, sirech' Osmoglasnik was published with Kievan staff notation in 1772. It included hymns in as well as the melodic models (avtomela) for different types of hymns for each Glas.A later edition called the "Sputnik Psalomshcika" ("The Chanter's Companion") was republished in 1959 by Holy Trinity Monastery in Jordanville, NY, USA. "The Church Obihod of Notational Singing" contains, among other hymns, the repertoire of the Octoechos. Archbishop Averky: "Liturgics — On Music Books."

Caveat
Northern Slavs in modern times often do not use the eight-tone music system—although they always do use the book Octoechos—rather singing all hymns in the same scale but with different melodies for each tone for each of several types of classifications of hymns.

Oriental hymnals
Although the Georgian Iadgari is not the oldest manuscript among the complete tropologia which could be preserved until the present day, the Iadgari offers the most complete insight into the development of hymnography and the cathedral rite of Jerusalem.Stig Frøyshov (2012). Other hymn books developed between the 7th and the 11th centuries starting from the Hagiopolitan hymn reform of 692. They contain stichera, kontakia all kinds of troparia and canons without being necessarily dependent on the tradition of Byzantine chant and later developments of the Stoudios Monastery since the 9th century.A Sticherarion with Byzantine notation written over Syriac hymns at Sinai proves that different branches of Orthodoxy existed (Mount Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. syr. 261), but not all forms relied on Constantinopolitan reforms. See Heinrich Husmann (1975). The reason of this independence is, that the church history of Armenia and Georgia preceded the Byzantine imperial age about 50 years and both traditions were more oriented to the Patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem. This section describes Oriental and Caucasian hymnals as they have been used by Armenians until the genocide by the end of the Ottoman Empire,Concerning the history of the Armenian Patriarchate in Istanbul, it could be re-established after its exile in Jerusalem already in 1922 within its former residence at Kumkapı district. and as they are still used among Orthodox Christians in Syria, Persia, Armenia and Georgia.

Syrian Tropligin
The Tropologion developed also in Syria and was called in Syriac Tropligin. A Syriac translation of the "Octoechos of Antioch", tropologion created by Severus of Antioch, Paul of Edessa and John Psaltes (early sixth century), was copied in 675, but still during the 9th century Tropligins were organised in a similar way like the Georgian Iadgari.Svetlana Kujumdzieva (2012, 10).

The Syriac Orthodox Church today still makes use of a system of eight modes (usually classified as ). Each hymn (: qolo, plural: qole) is composed in one of these eight modes. Some modes have variants ( shuhlophe) similar to the "special melodies" mentioned above. Only skilled chanters can master these variants.

The modal cycle consists of eight weeks. Each Sunday or Feast day is assigned one of the eight modes. During the weekday offices, known in Syriac by the name Shhimo, the 1st and 5th modes are paired together, so are the 2nd and 6th, the 3rd and 7th, and the 4th and 8th. If a particular Sunday makes use of the 1st mode, the following Monday is sung with the 5th mode, Tuesday with the 1st mode, etc., with the pair alternating every day of the week (see the table provided in Guide to the Eight Modes in the External Links below).

The ecclesiastical year starts with Qudosh `Idto (The Consecration of the Church), a feast observed on the eighth Sunday before ( Yaldo). The 1st mode is sung on this day. The following Sunday makes use of the 2nd mode, and so on, repeating the cycle until it starts again the next year. The cycle is interrupted only by feasts which have their own tones assigned to them. Similar to the Byzantine usage, each day of Easter Week has its own mode, except the Syriacs do not skip the 7th mode. Thus, the Sunday after Easter, called New Sunday ( Hadto) is in the 8th mode rather than the 1st.

In one type of hymn used by the Syriac Church, the Qole Shahroye (Vigils), each of the modes is dedicated to a theme: The 1st and 2nd modes are dedicated to the , the 3rd and 4th to the , the 5th and 6th to , and the 7th and 8th to the departed.

The primary collection of hymns in the eight modes is the Beth Gazo d-ne`motho, or "Treasury of Chants."

Armenian Šaraknoc'
In the Armenian Apostolic Church, the system of eight modes is referred to as oot tzayn (eight voices). Although there is no structural relation between the Greek and Armenian modes, the division into "authentic" and "plagal" modes is parallel. In Armenian terminology, the "Authentic" modes are referred to as "Voice" ( Tzayn) and the "Plagal" modes are called "Side" ( Koghm), and are utilized in the following order:

First Voice (aradjin tzayn)
First Side (aradjin koghm)
Second Voice (yerkrord tzayn)
Second, Principal Side (yerkrord, awag koghm)
Third Voice (yerrord tzayn)
Third Side, low voice (yerrord koghm, vaṙ tzayn)
Fourth Voice (tchorrord tzayn)
Fourth Side, Last Voice (tchorrord koghm, verdj tzayn)

This order is important, because it is the order in which the modes are used liturgically and different from the order of the Greek traditions. Instead of using one tone per week, the Armenians use one tone per day. Easter Sunday is always the First Voice, the next day is First Side, and so on throughout the year. However, the cycle does not actually begin on Easter day, but counts backwards from Easter Sunday to the First Sunday in Lent, which is always Forth Side, regardless of what mode the previous day was. Each mode of the oot tzayn has one or more tartzwadzk‘ (auxiliary) modes.

The Šaraknoc' is the book which contains the Šarakan, or Šaragan (Canons),See the illuminated manuscripts at The Walters Art Museum (W.547, W.545) and the printed edition (Constantinople 1790). hymns which constitute the substance of the musical system of Armenian liturgical chant in the eight modes.It corresponds to the Georgian Iadgari, which is one of the earliest testimonies of the tropologion (Renoux 1993, Frøyshov 2012). Originally, these were and Biblical that were chanted during the services. A Sharagan was composed of verses which were interspersed between the scriptural verses. Eventually, the Šarakan replaced the biblical text entirely. In addition, the eight modes are applied to the psalms of the Night office, called Kanonaklookh (Canon head). the Armenian Church also makes use of other modes outside of the oot tzayn.

See also

Notes
Sources
Tropologia, Šaraknoc' & Iadgari (6th-18th century)
Old Byzantine notation (10th–13th centuries)
Middle Byzantine notation (13th–19th centuries)
Oktoechoi, Parakletikai and Sborniki without musical notation (11th-19th centuries)
Anastasimataria and Voskresnik with Chrysanthine notation (since 1814)
Editions
Studies

External links
General introductions

Hymnographers

Old Slavonic texts of the octoechos and their sources
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